A Step-by-Step Guide to Total Knee Arthroplasty
Preoperative Preparation
Medical Assessment :
Before the surgery, a thorough medical evaluation is conducted to assess the patient’s overall health. This includes :
A discussion of medical history and current medications.
Imaging tests such as X-rays, MRI or CT scans to evaluate the severity of joint damage.
Blood tests and other diagnostic investigations to ensure suitability for surgery.
Pre-Surgical Instructions :
Patients are given specific instructions to prepare for the procedure :
Cease specific medications, such as blood thinners, as directed by the medical team.
Refrain from eating or drinking at least 6-7 hours before the surgery.
Arrange for assistance post-surgery for recovery and transportation.
Surgical Planning :
The surgeon decides the type of knee replacement to be performed, which could be :
Total Knee Replacement : Replacing the entire knee joint.
Partial Knee Replacement : Replacing only the affected part of the knee.
The choice depends on the severity of joint damage and the patient’s specific needs.
Operation Procedure
Step 1: Anesthesia :
The procedure begins with the administration of anesthesia. Options include :
General Anesthesia: The patient is rendered unconscious during the surgery.
Regional Anesthesia: A spinal or epidural injection numbs the lower body and the patient remains awake.
The type of anesthesia is determined based on the Anesthesiologist preference.
Step 2: Incision :
A surgical incision, typically 6-10 inches long, is made over the front of the knee to access the damaged joint. Minimally invasive techniques may use smaller incisions.
Step 3: Removal of Damaged Components :
The surgeon removes damaged cartilage and bone from the femur (thighbone), tibia (shinbone) and sometimes the patella (kneecap). Healthy bone and ligaments are preserved.
Step 4: Implant Placement :
Artificial components, made of metal alloys, ceramics or high-grade plastic, are installed to recreate the joint’s functionality. The implants are fitted and secured using specialized cement or press-fit techniques.
Step 5: Realignment and Testing :
The surgeon tests the movement of the new joint to ensure proper alignment and function. Adjustments are made with knee soft tissue balancing procedure.
Step 6: Closing the Incision :
The incision is closed using sutures, staples or adhesives. A sterile dressing is applied to protect the wound and minimize the risk of infection.
Postoperative Care
Immediate Recovery :
After the surgery the patient is monitored in the recovery room to ensure stable vital signs. Pain management is initiated using medications such as :
Oral or parenteral painkillers.
Anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce swelling.
Physical Therapy :
Rehabilitation begins shortly after surgery, including :
Guided exercises to restore mobility and strengthen muscles.
Use of assistive devices such as walkers or crutches during the early stages.
Follow-Up Appointments :
Regular follow-up visits are scheduled to track healing progress and ensure the artificial joint is functioning as expected.
